Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Basic Certification Practice Exam

Which substances are known to increase blood sugar levels?

1. Insulin and glucagon

2. Glucagon and epinephrine

3. Insulin and cortisol

4. Epinephrine and thyroxine

The correct answer is: Glucagon and epinephrine

The correct response highlights the role of glucagon and epinephrine in increasing blood sugar levels, which is critical in the body's response to low blood sugar or stress situations. Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, a process known as glycogenolysis. This mechanism is crucial during periods when the body requires immediate energy, such as between meals or during physical activity. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It further enhances the effects of glucagon, stimulating glucose release from the liver and also facilitating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. The combined action of glucagon and epinephrine ensures that the body has adequate energy supply during times of increased physical demand or danger. In contrast, other hormones mentioned in the other choices either decrease blood sugar levels or have mixed effects that do not primarily focus on increasing blood glucose. Understanding these hormonal actions is essential for EMTs in managing conditions such as hypoglycemia and recognizing the physiological responses during acute stress situations.